Statistics Without Maths for Psychology

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Chapter overview Bivariate correlations SPSS: bivariate correlations – Pearson’s r SPSS: obtaining a scattergram matrix First- and second-order correlations SPSS: partial correlations – Pearson’s r Patterns of correlations

Sampling error SPSS: obtaining measures of central tendency Graphically describing data SPSS: generating graphical descriptives Scattergrams SPSS: generating scattergrams Sampling error and relationships between variables The normal distribution Variation or spread of distributions SPSS: obtaining measures of variation Other characteristics of distributions Non-normal distributions SPSS: displaying the normal curve on histograms Writing up your descriptive statistics Chapter overview Frequency (categorical) data One-variable G2 or goodness-of-fit test SPSS: one-variable G2 SPSS: one-variable G2 – using frequencies different from those expected under the null hypothesis G2 test for independence: 2 × 2 SPSS: 2 × 2 G2 G2 test of independence: r × c Screenshots Screenshots on page 26, page 27, page 28, page 29, page 30, page 31, page 32, page 33, page 34, page 35, page 36, page 37, page 38, page 39, page 52, page 53, page 55, page 65, page 69, page 70, page 86, page 87, page 118, page 122, page 123, page 124, page 158, page 159, page 160, page 161, page 182, page 183, page 191, page 192, page 195, page 196, page 223, page 224, page 231, page 232, page 267, page 268, page 269, page 272, page 273, page 274, page 275, page 278, page 279, page 280, page 304, page 305, page 314, page 315, page 349, page 350, page 351, page 352, page 353, page 354, page 355, page 364, page 365, page 374, page 375, page 388, page 389, page 390, page 391, page 401, page 402, page 426, page 427, page 428, page 429, page 430, page 441, page 442, page 479, page 480, page 481, page 482, page 484, page 485, page 507, page 508, page 516, page 517, page 529, page 530, page 537, page 538, page 545, page 551, page 552, page 556, page 557, page 567 and page 568, reprinted Courtesy of International Business Machines Corporation, © SPSS Inc., an IBM Company. SPSS was acquired by IBM in October 2009. Although we have updated many examples from the literature, we have left in some early studies because they illustrate exactly the points made in the text. Some reviewers thought there should be more challenging activities and/or multiple choice questions. Therefore, we have added activities which are based on examples from the literature, and require students to interpret the material, in their own words. They can then compare their interpretation with the authors’ interpretation. Other improvements are more definitions within the first few introductory chapters, and detail on meeting the assumptions of the tests. Since writing earlier editions of this book, we have received numerous reviews, the vast majority of which have been very positive. Over the years the reviewers have been incredibly helpful in ensuring that the book has improved and best meets the needs of students and lecturers alike. The improvements we have made in this fifth edition are a result of feedback we have received both from reviewers and from students. We would like to thank all those who have taken the time and effort to provide us with feedback and we would urge you to keep doing so. We hope that students who read the book will not only learn from it, but also enjoy our explanations and examples. We also hope that as a result of reading this book students will feel confident in their ability to perform their own statistical analyses. Christine would like to dedicate this book to Elizabeth Ann Attree, great colleague and friend – thanks for all your support over many years! John would like to dedicate this book to Stella. Cheers!Companion website We would urge you to make as much use as possible of the resources available to you on the companion website. When you get on to the site you will see that it is broken down into resources for each chapter. For each chapter you will find SPSS Statistics dataset files which are simply the data for the examples that we provide in each chapter. You can access these to ensure that you have input data correctly or so that you can carry out the same analyses that we present in each chapter to make sure that you get the same results. Also, on the website you will find additional multiple choice questions. If you find that you have made mistakes in the multiple choice questions provided in the book you should go back through the chapter and try to make sure that you fully understand the concepts presented. It wouldn’t make sense for you to then test yourself using the same multiple choice questions and so we have provided the additional ones on the companion website. As another means of testing yourself and to help you actively learn we provide additional SPSS Statistics exercises for each chapter and a step-by-step guide to the analysis to conduct on this data and how to interpret the output. Finally, you will find links to interesting and useful websites which are relevant to the concepts being covered in each chapter. Gain a thorough understanding of introductory statistics, data analysis & application of statistical concepts

British Psychological Society standards in Quantitative Methods in Psychology The British Psychological Society (BPS) accredits psychology degree programmes across the UK. It has set guidelines as to which major topics should be covered within quantitative methods in psychology. We have listed these topics below and indicated where in this textbook each is covered most fully. Cry Conduct t-test analyses of the single DVs Conduct X2 analyses of the DVs followed by t-tests None of the above Definition Exploratory data analyses are where we explore the data that we have collected in order to describe it in more detail. These techniques simply describe our data and do not try to draw conclusions about any underlying populations. Multivariate statistics Why use multivariate analyses of variance? Multivariate analysis of variance Logic of MANOVA Assumptions of MANOVA Which F-value? Post-hoc analyses of individual DVs Correlated DVs How to write up these analyses SPSS: conducting MANOVA with one between-participants IV and two DVs Within-participants designs SPSS: one within-participants IV and two DVsThe correct interpretation of the p-value Statistical tests Type I error Type II error Why set E at 0.05? One-tailed and two-tailed hypotheses Assumptions underlying the use of statistical tests SPSS: Statistics Coach